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Question

THE COLLECTING DUCT (CD) is composed of three anatomically distinct segments, cortical, outer medullary, and inner medullary collecting duct (CCD, OMCD, and IMCD, respectively), and plays an essential role in acid-base homeostasis. The CCD secretes both acid and bicarbonate by - and -cells, respectively, whereas the OMCD and IMCD are predominantly involved with acid secretion and bicarbonate reabsorption. The intercalated cells in the OMCD are exclusively of the acid-secreting -cell type. Active proton secretion across the apical membrane of the CD is largely mediated via H+-ATPase (and to some extent, H+-K+-ATPase) (25, 29). The exit across the basolateral membrane of intercalated cells in the CCD and OMCD is mediated via exchanger. The OMCD has the highest rate of H+ secretion, and therefore absorption, of the CD segments (25). As a result, the OMCD has been regarded as a major regulator of acid-base homeostasis.
The apical H+-ATPase in intercalated cells of the OMCD belongs to the family of V-type ATPase and is inhibited by bafilomycin (2, 5, 7, 8, 25, 26). The apical H+-K+-ATPase in the OMCD is likely a variant of gastric H-K-ATPase (29). This conclusion is based on the studies that demonstrated the inhibition of net bicarbonate reabsorption by Schering 28080 in OMCD (4, 29, 38). The exchanger anion exchanger-1 (AE1), a variant of red cell band 3, has been localized on the basolateral membrane of intercalated cells in the OMCD (18, 25, 32-35). However, the possibility that other basolateral exchanger(s) may contribute to net bicarbonate reabsorption in this nephron segment exists.

Recent molecular studies identified a large, highly conserved family of membrane proteins (designated as SLC26A) many of which have been shown to transport anions. Three closely related members of this family are downregulated in adenoma (DRA or SLC26A3), Pendrin (PDS or SLC26A4), and PAT1 (CFEX or SLC26A6) (11, 12, 15, 16, 28). All three transporters mediate exchange (13, 19, 27, 30, 37, 39). DRA is expressed on the apical membranes of colonocytes, whereas PAT1 or CFEX is expressed on the apical membranes of kidney proximal tubule and duodenum (12, 15, 19, 37). Pendrin mRNA expression is detected in proximal tubule and CCD (30, 36). However, immunocytochemical studies localize pendrin only to the apical membrane of a subpopulation of CCD cells distinct from -intercalated cells, which are thought to be -intercalated cells and non--, non--intercalated cells (14, 22, 23, 30, 36).

Answer 1

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Answer 2

收集的导管(CD)由3 anatomically组成清楚的部分， 皮，外部髓，以及内部髓收集的导管(CCD，OMCD 和IMCD，分别)，和起必要作用， 在酸基础自动平衡里。 那些CCD分泌酸和碳酸氢盐以-和细胞，分别，而那些OMCD 和IMCD 主要参与分泌和再吸收碳酸氢盐酸。 被插入的小屋在OMCD里专门是酸分泌小屋类型的。 穿过CD 的顶端膜的活跃的质子分泌被基本上透过H+-ATPase(并且在某种程度上，H+-K+-ATPase)调停(25，29)。 在CCD里的穿过插入的小屋的basolateral 膜的退场门和OMCD被透过货币兑换商调停。 OMCD有H+分泌的最高的比率， CD 部分的因此吸收(25)。 因此，OMCD已经被认为是一个酸基础自动平衡的主要的管理者。
在被插入的OMCD的小屋里的顶端H+-ATPase属于V种类型的ATPase的家庭并且被bafilomycin抑制 ( 2 , 5 , 7 , 8 , 25 , 26 ) . 在OMCD里的顶端H+-K+-ATPase是可能不同的胃H-K ATPase(29)。 这个结论基于在OMCD里证明谢林28080对网碳酸氢盐再吸收的抑制的研究(4，29，38)。 货币兑换商阴离子货币兑换商-1(AE1)， 不同红细胞乐队3，在basolateral 插入细胞在OMCD(18，25，32-35)内的膜上局限。 不过，可能性即其他basolateral货币兑换商(s)可以在这nephron部分里有助于网碳酸氢盐再吸收存在。

鉴定一大，非常保存的膜(指定当已经被显示运送阴离子时SLC26A)的蛋白质很多的家庭的新近分子研究。 被紧密有关的这个家庭的成员的3 在adenoma(DRA或者SLC26A3)里抑制对刺激的回应， Pendrin(PDS或者SLC26A4)和PAT1(CFEX或者SLC26A6)(11，12，15，16，28)。 全部3 运输者调停交换(13，19，27，30，37，39)。 DRA被在colonocytes的顶端膜上表示， PAT1或者CFEX关於肾最近细管和十二指肠(12，15，19，37)的顶端膜表示。 Pendrin mRNA 表示被在最近的细管和CCD里发现(30，36)。 不过，immunocytochemical 研究使pendrin限于局部只对与一个CCD小屋的亚居群的顶端膜不同 -插入小屋，被认为被插入细胞和非-，非 --插入的小屋(14，22，23，30，36)。